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Learning From The Past and Planning For The Future
March 30, 2006
"Information is the currency of democracy." - Thomas Jefferson
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Conference Proceedings and Photos
April 21-24, 2004
Casper, WYGIFT FROM WITHIN
An International Organization for
Survivors of Trauma and Victimization
TRAUMATIC STRESS AND PTSD ARTICLES
CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS:
Traumatic Incident Reduction (TIR) Workshop
April 24-27, 2006
Location:University of Wyoming
Laramie, WY
Sponsored by: Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health InstituteRocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute
SIXTH ANNUAL CRITICAL
INCIDENT STRESS MANAGEMENT
(CISM) WORKSHOPS
Holiday Inn On The River
Casper, WY
November 10-11, 2006
2006 ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION
DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH CONFERENCE
November, 2006
Casper, WY
"TAKING CHARGE IN TROUBLED TIMES."
CALL FOR PAPERS
Contact: rockymountain@mail2emergency.com
First International Conference on
Community Psychology:
Shared Agendas for Diversity
June 8-10, 2006
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Contact: David Perez, PhD, and
Maribel Figueroa, PhD
Telephone: 787-758-3044
"Toward a Science of Consciousness 2006"
April 4-8, 2006
Location: Tucson, Arizona, USA
Contact: Center for Conciousness Studies
The University of Arizona
E-mail: center@u.arizona.edu26th International Congress of Applied Psychology
July, 2006
Location: Athens, GREECE
Contact: Prof. James Georgas
Department of Psychology
School of Philosophy
University of Athens
Panepistemiopolis
Athens 15784 Greece
Phone: 30 1 7277524
FAX: 30 1 7277534
Email: dgeorgas@dp.uoa.gr14th Annual International Conference
on Conflict Resolution
May 5-15, 2006 ( Formal Conference Program: May 6-11 )
St. Petersburg, Russia
Deadline: Submissions requested by: 3-1-2006XVIII Congress of the International Association
of Cross Cultural Psychology
July 11 - 15, 2006
Isle of Spetses, GREECE
International Society of Political Psychology
29th Annual Scientific Meeting
July 12-15, 2006
Barcelona, SPAIN
28th Annual Colloquium of ISPA
the International School Psychologists Association
July 15-20, 2006
Hangzhou, CHINA
Human Factors & Ergonomics Society (HFES) Annual Meeting
October 1 - 5, 2006
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
22nd Annual Meeting
November 4-7, 2006
Hollywood, California, USA
Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy (AABT)
Annual Convention
November 16 - 19, 2006
Chicago, Illinois, USA
What Is A Hurricane?
A hurricane is a tropical storm with winds that have reached a constant speed of 74 miles per hour or more. Hurricane winds blow in a large spiral around a relative calm center known as the "eye." The "eye" is generally 20 to 30 miles wide, and the storm may extend outward 400 miles. As a hurricane approaches, the skies will begin to darken and winds will grow in strength. As a hurricane nears land, it can bring torrential rains, high winds, and storm surges. A single hurricane can last for more than 2 weeks over open waters and can run a path across the entire length of the eastern seaboard. August and September are peak months during the hurricane season that lasts from June 1 through November 30. For Further Information, Go To: http://www.fema.gov/hazards/hurricanes/whatis.shtm
Bird flu: Annan pleads for urgent aid to poor countries, especially in Africa
Deeply concerned by the rapid spread of bird flu, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan today made an impassioned plea for greater funding beyond the $1.9 billion already pledged to help poor countries, above all in Africa, to fight a disease that in a worst case scenario could mutate into a deadly human pandemic. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17986&Cr=bird&Cr1=flu
36,000 Pakistani quake victims have already left relief camps for home, UN says
The first relief camps in Pakistan’s quake zone have been emptied after more than 36,000 people left for their homes as part of the return process that started earlier this month with the end of winter, according to the United Nations refugee agency, the lead agency for camp management after last October’s disaster. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17981&Cr=pakistan&Cr1=
UN plans for early warning system for natural disasters moves forward
United Nations efforts to set up an early warning system that could save tens of thousands of lives in natural disasters moved a further step forward with an international conference calling for more funds and stressing the vital importance of local communities in readiness training. "The need to develop a strong people-centred approach to early warning is very clear and must remain a primary focus for the future," UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) director Salvano Briceño told the closing session of the third International Conference on Early Warning in Bonn, Germany. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17980&Cr=tsunami&Cr1=
Huge urban growth in much of world threatens safe water, sanitation – UN report
With urban populations in Asia, Africa and Latin America slated to double to nearly 4 billion, efforts must be stepped up to meet the far-reaching challenges this trend poses to providing safe water and sanitation, according to a report by the United Nations agency in charge of promoting socially and environmentally sustainable cities. "A startling new statistic to come out of this report is that the largest share of future urban growth will be from small urban centres of less than half a million people where service provision for both water and sanitation is already woefully inadequate," UN-HABITAT Executive Director Anna Tibaijuka said on releasing the study at the Fourth World Water Forum in Mexico City. For Full Story, Go To: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17962&Cr=Habitat&Cr1=
THE MEDICAL MINUTE: CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME AND FIBROMYALGIA
Fatigue is one of the more common complaints patients bring to primary-care doctors. It is a challenging problem for the patient and the physician. Being "tired all the time" is frustrating for the person who can not manage a full day of work or school or stay awake for a normal day's activities. For physicians, it means sorting through all the possible causes of fatigue to find and, hopefully, fix the problem. According to the latest edition of the Medical Minute, a service of Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, almost everyone has experienced fatigue from working too hard or studying too long or from transient difficulty staying or falling asleep. Usually the problem passes and life gets back to normal. For some, however, it lasts for months and is severe enough to interfere with work, school or home obligations. When it is that severe, it may be more than simple fatigue. Chronic fatigue syndrome or CFS combines the hallmark symptom of fatigue with impaired concentration and memory, and may include sore muscles and joints, headaches and swollen lymph nodes. If symptoms like these last more than six months and sleep is not refreshing and if work, educational, social or personal activities are impaired, it could be CFS. Fibromyalgia is similar to CFS but the fatigue is less and pain and stiffness are greater. Read the full story at http://live.psu.edu/story/16622
TODAY's INTERNATIONAL HEADLINES:
International
CULTURAL ROLES AND GRIEF FOLLOWING DISASTERS
CULTURAL ROLE OF FAMILIES FOLLOWING DISASTERS
Solomon, Bravo, Rubio-Stipec, and Canino (1993) hypothesized that family roles (marital and parental status) would moderate effects of disaster exposure on the mental health of victims. Their study included residents of St. Louis who were exposed to floods and dioxin and Puerto Rican residents exposed to floods and mudslides. Worst outcomes in St. Louis were found for single and married parents who were exposed to disaster. Their symptoms significantly exceeded those of non-exposed, non-victim single parents. Puerto Rican victims without families were reported as having higher levels of alcohol abuse symptoms than any other subgroup. The authors found that perceived emotional support was an important moderator of disaster effect on psychiatric distress in Puerto Rico and generally overrode the effect of family role.
In a related study, Solomon and Canino (1990) looked at the appropriateness of DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD. They examined whether 1) the psychiatric sequelae resulting from exposure to extraordinary traumatic events (stressor criterion A) differed from the sequellae resulting from exposure to more common yet stressful life experiences, and 2) PTSD sequellae (criteria B&D)accurately described the responses of victims even of extreme events fitting the DSM-III-R definition of stressor. They used data from 452 St. Louis victims exposed to floods and/or unsafe dioxin levels and 912 Puerto Rico victims of mudslides/flooding. Some common stressful events (e.g. moving, money problems) were found to relate more closely to PTSD symptoms than did extraordinary events. They found that exposure to disaster strongly related to symptoms of re-experiencing (criterion B). Reports of symptoms related to avoidance (criterion C) were uncommon.
In a study of acute stress reaction in family members, Ma, Lu, Liu, A-Er-Ken, et al (1995) worked with family members of the victims from a fire disaster in Kelamayi, Xinjiang Province, China which took place on December 8, 1994. Participants included 9 male and 72 female adults (aged 18-61). Those who visited the mental health clinic within one week of the event were identified with acute stress reaction according to the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10). Participants who visited the clinic within 3-5 weeks of the event were diagnosed with acute stress reaction according to family members' description. Subjects clinical manifestations (e.g. extreme sadness, agitating activity, stuporous state, and loss of consciousness), treatment (supporting or sub-hibernation therapy and the use of benzodiazapines), remission (within 48 hours - 2 weeks), frequency of diagnoses, correlation of stress from the event, and severity of acute stress reaction were the focus of their concerns.
Some cultural/ethnic groups place more value and receive more support from an extended family and/or community structure than others (Doherty, 1987). It is incumbent on the visiting counselor to have an understanding of the roles of these groups in order to provide more adequate and appropriate interventions for families and family members within the context of their own cultures.
CHILDREN
In an article about psychosocial intervention in disaster management in the Philippines, Ladrido and Perlas (1996) identify 3 phases of intervention: impact, inventory, and reconstruction/rehabilitation. In this framework, psychosocial processing (PSP) is aimed at helping victims re-establish equilibrium and harmony following a disaster and at regaining personal control. They identified six types of PSP activities: critical incident stress debriefing; multiple group; action-related; activity-based (for special groups such as children and adolescents); team-building; and community organization for crisis management. Ladrido and Perlas contend that delivery of psychosocial intervention to disaster victims in general, and children in particular, has a beneficial filtering effect that can significantly reduce the number of those suffering from incapacitating symptoms.
Children exposed to disasters are at risk for a number of mental health related problems. The type and severity depend on the nature and extent of disaster trauma, the influence of family and community, the resilience or vulnerability of the child, and symptom onset and duration (Aptekar& Boore, 1990). Levels of functioning and cross-cultural differences also play an important part.
Schreiber (1999) described a firestorm which struck Laguna Beach, CA on October 30, 1993 in which 400 homes were lost. He described a FEMA supported program which provided services for affected children and parents over a 17 month period. The results he reported found that levels of PTSD and comorbid depression were significantly higher in children whose homes were destroyed. Current dissatisfactions with living arrangements and perceptions of greater difficulty in school were seen as being strong correlates of distress. He discussed factors related to sustained vulnerability, post disaster stresses, adversities and traumatic reminders. The findings presented were suggested as confirming the need for extended mental health services beyond the initial event as the risk from disaster exposure continued to accrue over time.
It is well established that children and adolescents can manifest adult-like PTSD after experiencing a life-threatening stressor (Yule, 1994). Delamater and Applegate (1999) examined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), behavioral adjustment, and developmental outcomes in preschool children exposed to Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Their study measured mothers' self-reports of their child's symptoms of PTSD. They concluded that many young children can be expected to exhibit PTSD symptoms and other behavioral disruptions for at least 18 months following exposure to a natural disaster. Their study demonstrated that preschool age children exposed to the stress of a major hurricane are more likely to exhibit symptoms of PTSD than a comparison group who are less exposed. Children with PTSD at 12 months were reported as being more likely to be developmentally delayed at 18 months and those with PTSD at 18 months were also likely to be delayed. They suggest the children are at risk for failure to achieve normal development in cognitive, social and emotional skills and conclude that children with PTSD are at risk for developmental delays. This study is one of the first to examine the effects of PTSD on the general development of young children and presents information that will require further study in this important area.
In the light of recent school incidents in the United States as well as the impact from Katrina and Rita, it is of importance to find ways to develop approaches for dealing with some of the psychological, social and educational aspects of the critical challenges faced during severe crises. Stein (1997) offers a blueprint for the school psychology profession to take a leadership role in these areas. Some of the challenges he identifies include preparing communities to cope effectively with crises at the individual, school, community, and national levels; preparing children and adults to deal with potential and actual disasters; intervening on the spot during crises; and treating the psychological problems that may manifest in the aftermath. Using experiences of the past 20 years in Israel, including the traumatic events such as the assassination of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, Stein presents a model in which he describes different stages of reaction. In his model he places emphasis on the role of the schools and of school psychologists in developing and implementing prevention programs which emphasize the fostering of inner strengths and resources in children and teachers and making provision for the professionals helping the community in times of crisis. He also suggests future development of the school psychology profession into a broader community service.
Saylor (1993) provides a valuable resource for disaster planners, crisis interventionists, clinicians, and researchers in a book dealing with the prevention and treatment of children's mental health problems following disasters. Along with other colleagues, Saylor discusses basic theory, assessment and intervention techniques and provides a critical survey of relevant literature. Children's perceptions of disasters and crises are largely determined by the reactions of their parents. Depending on their ages, experiences, cultural teachings, beliefs, etc. they tend to have a number of common physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral reactions. Younger children may experience different levels of contagious, objective and/or profound anxiety. Older children (adolescents), due to the disaster or crisis, may suddenly have to assume the role as head of the family. How they see these responsibilities depends to a large extent on such factors as cultural background, age, religious views, education, personal equilibrium and how they view life in general.
In summary, children may appear more resilient in their response and recovery from disaster. However, the research and literature suggest they are at risk for PTSD, depression and anxiety disorders as well as possible developmental delays as a result. Children will follow the leads of their parents, cultural/ethnic groups and belief systems. Interventions should involve, wherever possible, collaboration with a "culture-broker" or practitioner from the affected cultural group.
GRIEF: A BRIEF CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
Cultural beliefs can be both resources and barriers in providing support for grieving families. Across cultures, people differ in what they believe and understand about life and death, what they feel, what elicits those feelings, the perceived implications of those feelings, the ways they express those feelings, the appropriateness of certain feelings, and the techniques for dealing with feelings that cannot be directly expressed (Rosenblatt, 1993). Historical studies have shown how individuals in western culture have mourned differently over time (Newnes, 1991; Kohn & Levav, 1990). A cross-cultural perspective shows an infinite variety in people's responses to death, in how they mourn, and in the nature of their internalization of the lost object. Rather than being process-oriented, mourning is seen as an adaptive response to specific task demands arising from loss that must be dealt with regardless of individual, culture, or historical era (Hagman, 1995).
Americans report thinking significantly more about grief, religious feelings and death than do Japanese (Asai & Barnlund, 1998). Ancestor worship in Japan is ritual. It is supported by a sophisticated theory through which the living manage their bonds with the dead. It is a process similar to the resolution of grief in the modern west (Klass, 1996). Klass & Heath (1997) explored the grief of Japanese parents after abortion and the ritual by which the grief is resolved. The ritual is Mizuko Ruyo. Mizuko means child of the water. Ruyo is a Buddhist offering. In a ritual drama played out by Jizo, the bodhisattva who suffers for others, the parents' pain and the child's pain are connected. In that connection, the pain of each is resolved. The child is made part of the community and does not become a spirit bringing harm to the family. The parents can fulfill their obligation to care for the child and transform the sense of kurnon, sickness unto death, into a realization of Buddhism's first noble truth, that all life is suffering. In a slightly different cultural context, The Bardo Thodol (Tibetan Book of the Dead) together with its associated ritual provides a way to understand how Buddhism in Tibetan culture manages the issues associated with what is called grief in Western psychology. The resolution of grief in the survivors is intertwined with the journey to rebirth of the deceased (Goss & Klass,1997).
The primary mental health benefits of ritual are closely tied to the relational aspects of the ritual process. These act to validate and encourage the healthy expression of a wide range of human emotions. Jacobs (1992) concludes that religious ceremony and ritual functions mitigate anxiety and deal effectively with other problematic emotional states. Religious rites have a cathartic effect as emotions are released and expressed through attachment and connection to significant others. Reeves (1989, 1990) suggests that ritual can be used to assist individuals to move from a maladaptive to an adaptive style of grieving.
Rubin (1990) used social network theory to compare mourning behaviors in the United States with those in Israeli kibbutz. He found that, in a dense social network such as a small or medium-sized kibbutz, mourning is part of a wider circle of family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. He suggests that the funerals in the United States may force loose social networks to generate an image of social support. Rubin suggests using social network theory as a basis for cross-cultural analysis of the range of participation in mourning rituals.
Hagman (1995) reviewed the standard psychoanalytic model of mourning and suggests that the model may not be generally valid. The psychoanalytic literature and data from clinical practice fail to confirm basic components of mourning theory. Stroebe (1992,1993) challenges the belief in the importance of "grief work" for adjustment to bereavement (the grief work hypothesis). She examined claims made in theoretical formulations and principles of grief counseling and therapy concerning the necessity of working through loss. Reviews of empirical evidence and cross-cultural findings document alternative patterns of coping with grief. Stroebe argues that there are grounds for questioning the hypothesis:
Existing definitions and operationalizations are problematic; the few empirical studies that have examined the impact of grief work have yielded equivocal results; grief work is not a universal concept. She proposes a revision of the definition of grief work, which overcomes the confounding of the process with symptomatology and should facilitate future empirical testing, and suggests a differential approach.
Teams of counselors dispatched to mass casualty disaster sites can at times be an overwhelming presence. Sensitivity to cultural needs and desires are necessary to provide appropriate and desired services. Newell (1998) in a cross-cultural study of privacy found that the majority of students (aged 17 -45) from Ireland, Senegal and the United States in their study believed that not being disturbed was the most important element of privacy and grief. Fatigue and need to focus were the main affective sets associated with seeking privacy. The affect associated with a desire for privacy, the definition of privacy as a condition of the person, the duration of the average privacy experience, and the change in affect at the completion of the experience suggested that privacy has a therapeutic effect.
In summary, sensitivity to the culturally appropriate needs for ritual in responding to grief and providing for privacy and personal needs are paramount. Imposing a "one size fits all" grief model on people, however well intentioned, may cause more harm and ill feeling than good. Respect for the beliefs, rituals and desires of those affected can accomplish far more than unwanted attention and interventions.
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REFERENCES
Aptekar, L. & Boore, J. A. (1990). The emotional effects of disaster on children: A review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health, 19: 77-90.
Asai, A. & Barnlund, D. C. (1998). Boundaries of the unconscious private, and public self in Japanese and Americans: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22: 431-452.
Delamater, A. & Applegate, E.B. (1999). Child development and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder after hurricane exposure. TRAUMATOLOGYe http://www.fsu.edu/~trauma/a3v5i3.html Vol. 5, Issue 3, Art. 3, Retrieved March 27 2006.
Doherty, G.W. (1987). Extended Families. http://www.angelfire.com/biz/odochartaigh/xfam.html Retrieved March 27, 2006.
Goss, R. E. & Klass, D. (1997). Tibetan Buddhism and the resolution of grief: The Bardo-thodo for the dying and the grieving. Death Studies, 21: 377-395.
Hagman, G. (1995). Mourning: A review and reconsideration. International Journal of Psycho Analysis, 76: 909-925.
Jacobs, J. L. (1992). Relgious ritual and mental health. In Schumaker, John F. (Ed); et al. Religion and mental health. (pp. 291-299). New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. viii, 320 pp.
Klass, D. (1996). Ancestor worship in Japan: Dependence and the resolution of grief. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying; 33: 279-302.
Klass, D. & Heath, A. O. (1997). Grief and abortion: Mizuko Kuyo, the Japanese ritual resolution. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying; 34: 1-14.
Kohn, R. & Levav, I. (1990). Bereavement in disaster: An overview of the research. International Journal of Mental Health, 19: 61-76.
Ladrido-Ignacio, L. & Perlas, A.P. (1996). From victims to survivors: Psychosocial intervention in disaster management in the Philippines. International Journal of Mental Health, 24: 3-51.
Ma, H.; Lu, Q.; Liu, P.; A-Er-Ken; et al. (1995). Acute stress reactions of fire-disaster victims' family members: A clinical analysis. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 9: 107-109.
Newell, P. B. (1998). A cross-cultural comparison of privacy definitions and functions: A systems approach. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18: 357-371.
Newnes, C. (Ed) (1991). Death, dying, and society. Changes: An International Journal of psychology and psychotherapy. Hove, England UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (1991). vi, 177 pp.
Reeves, N. C.& Boersma, F. J. (1989,1990). The therapeutic use of ritual in maladaptive grieving. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying; 20: 281-291.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (1993). Cross-cultural variation in the experience, expression, and understanding of grief. In Irish, Donald P. (Ed); Lundquist, Kathleen F. (Ed); et-al. Ethnic variations in dying, death, and grief: Diversity in universality. Series in death education, aging, and health care. (pp. 13-19). Washington, DC, USA: Taylor & Francis. xxii, 226 pp.
Rubin, N. (1990). Social networks and mourning: A comparative approach. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying; 21: 113-127.
Saylor, C. F. (Ed) (1993). Children and disasters. New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press. xxii, 237 pp.
Schreiber, M.D. (February 1999). School-based disaster mental health services in the Laguna Beach firestorm. Paper presented at the 1999 Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Conference, Laramie, WY Feb 11-14, 1999.
Solomon, S.D.; Bravo, M.; Rubio-Stipec, M.; & Canino, G.J. (1993). The effect of family role on response to disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6: 255-269.
Solomon, S.D. & Canino, G.J. (1990). Appropriateness of DSM-III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31: 227-237.
Stein, B. (1997). Community reactions to disaster: An emerging role for the school psychologist. School Psychology International, 18: 99-118.
Stroebe, M. S. (1992,1993). Coping with bereavement: A review of the grief work hypothesis. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying; 26: 19-42.
Yule, William (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder. Ollendick, Thomas H. (Ed); In King, Neville J. (Ed); et-al. International handbook of phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Issues in clinical child psychology. (pp. 223-240). New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press. xiii, 496 pp.
RECOMMENDED READING
At Risk; Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (Paperback)
by BEN WISNER
Editorial Reviews
Review
"An excellent overview of the different human responses to natural hazards, dispelling the belief that little can be done to avoid the tragedies associated with natural hazards." –Gareth Jones, University of Strathclyde
"Paradoxically in today's world safety coexists with risk. Chronic threats, novel risks, and dangerous trends ranging from new viruses to global warming crowd in on us. At Risk offers a rational analysis of the disasters and hazards that concern us." –Allen Perry, University of Wales Swansea
"At Risk has become a classic of disasters literature. Its key argument, that the analysis of disasters should not be segregated from everyday life, is an important lesson for students, researchers, and practitioners." –Maureen Fordham, University of Northumbria
Book Description
Text focuses on what makes people vulnerable, looking at different social groups that suffer more in extreme events; including women, children, the elderly, ethnic minorities, refugees, illegal immigrants, and people with disabilities. Updated to include events of the last ten years. Previous edition: c1994. Softcover, hardcover not yet published. DLC: Natural disasters.
Book Info
Text focuses on what makes people vulnerable, looking at different social groups that suffer more in extreme events; including women, children, the elderly, ethnic minorities, refugees, illegal immigrants, and people with disabilities. Updated to include events of the last ten years. Previous edition: c1994. Softcover, hardcover not yet published. DLC: Natural disasters.
About the Author
Ben Wisner is Research Fellow at the Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics, and Affiliate Researcher on the Environmental Studies Program at Oberlin College, Ohio.
Piers Blaikie is Professor of Development Studies at the University of East Anglia. Terry Cannon is Senior Lecturer in Geography and Development Studies at the University of Greenwich.
Ian Davis is Managing Director of the Oxford Centre for Disaster Studies.
To search for books on disasters and disaster mental
health topics, leaders, leadership, organizations,
crisis intervention, leaders and crises, and related
topics and purchase them online, go to the following url:
http://www.angelfire.com/biz/odochartaigh/searchbooks.html
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Contact your local Mental Health Center or
check the yellow pages for counselors, psychologists,
therapists, and other Mental health Professionals in
your area for further information.
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© Copyrighted and published by the Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Institute. No part of this document may be reproduced without written consent.The Rocky Mountain Region Disaster Mental Health Newsletter is published online weekly by:
Rocky Mountain Region
Disaster Mental Health Institute, Inc.
Box 786
Laramie, WY 82073-0786
Newsletter Online: http://www.rmrinstitute.org
Institute Home Page: http://www.rmrinstitute.org/rocky.html
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